【正见网2001年02月13日】
【编者按】 这些有识科学家，思想上突破了实证科学的框框，已经在科学角度窥视到几分“元神不灭”的奥妙，并尝试用现有的研究手段对其进行研究和探索。尽管从实证科学的角度是无法解释清楚人体与灵魂的关系的，他们的尝试和发现仍给人们以启迪。而《转法轮》却能使学者在更高的角度洞彻这一切的奥秘。
---------------------------------------------------------------------
被选择个体离体经验之精神生理学研究
查理斯・塔特
〔 本文发表于<美国心灵研究协会期刊>，1968年，第62卷，第1期，第3-27页。〕
讨论(续)
在一次睡眠实验中(42)，由于冬眠灵(氯丙嗪)给药，睡眠纪录中出现了相当多α活动。商品名叫氯丙嗪的冬眠灵作为镇静剂十分常用。某友人指出，Z女士在实验期间可能服用了三氟啦嗪(三氟吡啦嗪、甲哌氟丙嗪) (一种安定药,用于治疗精神分裂症等)。尽管她本人、室友、男友都不记得当时她曾服过该药，可能性仍然存在。该药在睡眠脑电图上的反应没有研究，但Z女士应该记住自己或许服用了该药，并且可能反应在了她脑电图的α活动上。但即使这样，也不能说明她离体经历同这种独特的脑电波模式有关，同正常睡眠阶段的脑电波模式截然不同。其实你可能想，药物趋向于减缓α频率，或许促进了离体经历的发生，这可对实验会是个很有效的质询。
有一点指出来很重要，Z女士在离体时的精神生理状态根本不像我们通过阅读各种关于离体或“占星术” (21, 26, 44, 46)的神秘著作、或通过把很多有报道的离体经历同严重疾病重大事故 (10, 11, l2, 43)关联在一起去猜测的那样。这些作品会让你期待有“死去般的迷睡”伴随着离体的发生，这期间呼吸和心跳都会显著放缓，体温显著下降，那你会观察到种种有昏迷特征的脑波(55)。看来Z女士没有进入“死去般的迷睡”。当时她的心律正常而平稳，没有异常的自律活动，脑电波的阶段1和α活动也没和昏迷有关联。然而，进一步研究一些关于离体产生技术的神秘著作(例如：9, 26, 27, 28, 44, 46)，却显示所提及的不同方法可能会产生类型截然不同的[注释5]离体经历。
其中有些是梦境控制方法，要求做梦者必须分辨出自己在做梦，接着把梦境变成离体经历。其它的方法我们称为催眠体验，因为要求当事人死死地潜心于想着要离体，使其渐渐进入催眠或入睡状态。还有其它的方法，要求制造一种“昏迷”状态，但不在这里详谈这第三种可能，因为作者“昏迷”一词的含义很模糊，在别处讨论(60)。Z女士的经历或许是催眠现象的实例，跟随着短暂的醒来，或者是阶段1做梦变成了离体经历。从这次对实验工作的研究中还搞不清楚究竟是哪种情况。
应该提一下这里的离体经历和脑波状态之间有联系的假设。脑电波是种复杂现象，随着频率、规律性、波形、在脑中的空间分布以及部位间相位关系而变化。本文的报告分析仅限于视觉调查：对与离体经历可能有关的脑电波进行足够的研究将不得不使用最复杂的记录和电子分析技术，让选定受测者贯穿所有的控制条件进行实验，观察哪个脑电图关联与离体经历唯一对应，还有哪个脑电图是在其它条件下出现的。
总之，通过这次简短的研究，在几次Z女士的离体经历报告和一种生理模式(以伴随显著α活动的脑电图平直波、没有REM或皮肤阻抗活动、心律正常为特征)之间发现了一个相当清楚的联系。在我们能开始理解离体静离的精神生理和非心里成分之前，还有大量工作有待进行；目前研究到这个程度，这些经历可以用现代科学技术来研究，希望这会鼓励其他研究者开展进一步的实验。
脚注
注释1：在阶段1脑电图的一个阶段当中，所经历的梦的内容可以分成几个截然不同的情节；所以在某种意义上，在连续的做梦期间有几种截然不同的“梦” 出现。德曼特和沃泊特展示一些证据说明主题的这种变化会伴随受测者一个全身运动。
注释2：亚瑟・亥思廷司博士对此给我帮助，我想表示感谢。
注释3：为了第5个晚间实验，房间陈设只有细微改变，增大架子避免反射能在受测者床上位置被看到。不过，在安排第5个晚间实验前，Z女士的个人困难迫使她返回南加利福尼亚的家中。
注释4：α活动通常作为阶段1睡眠的一个成分提及，但没有量化标准来说明多大的α活动才够典型。所以我根据个人研究几十例睡眠纪录的经验，感觉Z女士的α活动在经历离体时格外显著。
注释5：我希望不久能如愿对另一位宣称能离体的女士做些研究。她曾参加一名同事的行为控制脑电图α节律的实验，并且很好地增强了该节律。
【参考文献】
1. AGNEW, H., WEBB, W., AND WILLIAMS, R. "The First Night Effect: An EEG Study of Sleep." Psychophysiology, Vol. 2, 1966, 263-266.
2. ASERINSKY, E., AND KLEITMAN, N. "Regularly Occurring Periods of Eye Motility and Concomitant Phenomena during Sleep." Science, Vol. 118, 1953, 273-274.
3. ASERINSKY, E., AND KLEITMAN, N. "Two Types of"Ocular Motility Occurring in Sleep." Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 8, 1955, 1-10.
4. BALDRIDGE, B., WHITMAN, R., AND KRAMER, M. "A Simplified Method for Detecting Eye Movements during Dreaming." Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 25, 1963, 78-82.
5. BERGER, R. "Tonus of Extrinsic Laryngeal. Muscles during Sleep and Dreaming." Science, Vol. 134, 1961, 840.
6. BERGER, R., AND OSWALD, I. "Eye Movement during Active and Passive Dreams." Science, Vol. 137, 1962, 601.
7. BROWN, C., GIDDON, D., AND DEAN, E. "Techniques of Plethysmography." Psychophysiology, Vol. 1, 1965, 253-266.
8. CARRlNGTON, H. Modern Psychical Phenomena. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1919.
9. CARRlNGTON, H. Your Psychic Powers and How to Develop Them. New York: Templestar Publishers, 1958.
10. CROOKALL, R. The Study and Practice of Astral Projection. London: Aquarian Press, 1961.
11. CROOKALL, R. More Astral Projections: Analyses of Case Histories. London: Aquarian Press, 1964.
12. CROOKALL, R. The Techniques of Astral Projection. London: Aquarian Press, 1964.
13. DAVIS, P., GIBBS, F., DAVIS, H., JETTER, W., AND TROWBRIDGE, L. "The Effects of Alcohol upon the Electroencephalogram (Brain Waves)." Quarterly Journal for the Study of Alcohol, Vol. 1, 1941, 626-637.
14. DEMENT, W. "Dream Recall and Eye Movements during Sleep in Schizophrenics and Normals." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 122,1955, 263-269.
15. DEMENT, W. "The Effect of Dream Deprivation." Science, Vol. 131, 1960,1705-1707.
16. DEMENT, W., AND KLElTMAN, N. "Cyclic Variations in EEG during Sleep and Their Relation to Eye Movements, Body Motility, and Dreaming." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 9, 1957, 673-690.
17. DEMENT, W., AND KLElTMAN, N. "The Relation of Eye Movements during Sleep to Dream Activity: An Objective Method for the Study of Dreaming." Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 53, 1957, 339-346.
18. DEMENT, W., RECHTSHAFFEN, A., AND GULEVICH, G. "The Nature of the Narcoleptic Sleep Attack." Neurology, Vol. 16, 1966,18-33.
19. DEMENT, W., AND WOLPERT, E. "The Relation of Eye Movements, Body Motility, and External Stimuli to Dream Content." Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 55, 1958, 343- 553,
20. DOMHOFF, B., AND KAMIYA, J. "Problems in Dream Content Study with Objective Indicators: II. Appearance of Experimental Situation in Laboratory Dream Narratives." Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 11,1964, 525-528.
21. DURVILLE, H. Le Fant6me des Vivants. 23, Rue Saint-Merri, Paris: Librairie du Magne'tisme, 1909.
22. ENGEL, G., AND ROSENBAUM, M. "Delirium III. EEG Changes Associated with Acute Alcoholic Intoxication." Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, Vol. 53,1945, 44-50.
23. ENGEL, G., WEBB, J., AND FERRIS, E. "Quantitative EEG Studies of Anoxia in Humans: Comparison with Acute Alcoholic Intoxication and Hypoglycemia." Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 24,1945, 691-697.
24. FOULKS, D. "Dream Reports from Different Stages of Sleep." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 65, 1962, 14-25.
25. FOULKS, D. The Psychology of Sleep. New York: Scribner's, 1966.
26. Fox, 0. Astral Projection: A Record of Out-of-the-Body Ex- periences. New Hyde Park, New York: University Books, Inc., 1962.
27. HALL, P. "Digest of Spirit Teachings Received Through Mrs. Minnie E. Keeler." Journal A.S.P.R., Vol. 10, November and December, 1916, 632-660; 679-708.
28. HALL, P. "Experiments in Astral Projection." Journal A.S.P.R., Vol. 12, January, 1918, 39-60.
29. HART, H. "Hypnosis as an Aid in Experimental ESP Projection." Paper read at First International Conference of Para psychological Studies, Utrecht, 1953.
30. HART, H. "Traveling ESP." Proceedings of the First International Conference of Parapsychological Studies. New York: Parapsychology Foundation, Inc., 1955.
31. HART, H. "Six Theories about Apparitions." Proc. S.P.R., Vol. 50, 1956, 153-239.
32. HAWKINS, D., PURYEAR, H., WALLACE, C., DEAL, W., AND THOMAS, E. "Basal Skin Resistance during Sleep and 'Dreaming.' " Science, Vol. 136, 1962, 321-322.
33. HERON, W. "The Pathology of Boredom." Scientific American, Vol. 196, 1957, 52-56.
34. HILL, D., AND PARR, G. (EDS.). Electroencephalography: A Symposium on its Various Aspects. New York: Macmillan, 1963.
35. HIRAl, T. "An Electroencephalographic Study of Zen Meditation (Zazen): EEG Changes during Concentrated Relaxation." Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica, Vol. 5, 1960, 5.
36. HISHIKAWA, Y., AND KANEKO, Z. "Electroencephalographic Study on Narcolepsy.1, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 18, 1965, 249-259.
37. KAMIYA, J. "Behavioral, Subjective, and Physiological Aspects of Drowsiness and Sleep." In D. Fiske and S. Maddi (Eds.), Functions of Varied Experience. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey Press, 1961.
38. KASAMATSU, A., AND HIRAl, T. "Science of Zazen." Psychologia, Vol. 6, 1963, 86-91.
39. KASAMATSU, A., HIRAl, T., AND ANDO, N. "EEG Responses to Click Stimulation in Zen Meditation." (Reprint; no other details available.)
40. KLEITMAN, N. "Patterns of Dreaming." Scientific American, Vol. 203, 1960, 81-88.
41. KLEITMAN, N. Sleep and Wakefulness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963. (2nd ed.)
42. LESTER, B., AND GUERRERO-FIGUEROA, R. "Effects of Some Drugs on Electroencephalographic Fast Activity and Dream Time." Psychophysiology, Vol. 2, 1966, 224-236.
43. MULDOON, S., AND CARRINGTON, H. The Phenomena of Astral Projection. London: Rider and Co., 1953.
44. MULDOON, S., AND CARRINGTON, H. The Projection of the Astral Body. London: Rider and Co., 1956.
45. O'CONNELL, D., AND TURSKY, B. "Silver-silver chloride Sponge Electrodes for Skin Potential Recording." American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 73, 1960, 302-304.
46. OPHIEL (Pseudonym). The Art and Practice of Astral Projection. San Francisco: Peach Publishing Co., 1961.
47. OSWALD, I. Sleeping and Waking: Physiology and Psychology. New York: Elsevier, 1962.
48. OSWALD, I. "Physiology of Sleep Accompanying Dreaming." In Scientific Basis of Medicine: Annual Review, 1964.
49. PIERCE, C., MATHIS, J., AND JABBOUR, J. "Dream Patterns in Narcoleptic and Hydrocephalic Patients." American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 122,1965, 402-104.
50. RECHTSCHAFFEN, A., AND VERDONE, P. "Amount of Dreaming: Effect of Incentive, Adaptation to Laboratory, and Individual Differences." Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 19, 1964, 947-958.
51. RECHTSCHAFFEN, A., VERDONE, P., AND WHEATON, J. "Reports of Mental Activity during Sleep." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 8, 1963, 409-414.
52. RECHTSCHAFFEN, A., WOLPERT, E., DEMENT, W., MITCHELL, S., AND FISHER, C. "Nocturnal Sleep of Narcoleptics." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 15, 1963, 599-609.
53. ROFFWARG, H., DEMENT, W., MUZIO, J., AND FISHER, C. "Dream Imagery: Relationship to Rapid Eye Movements of Sleep." Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 7, 1962, 235-258.
54. ROMANO, J., AND ENGEL, G. "Delirium: Electroencephalographic Data." Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, Vol. 51, 1944, 356-377.
55. SILVERMAN, D. "Retrospective Study of the EEG in Coma." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 15, 1963, 486-503.
56. SNYDER, F. "The New Biology of Dreaming." Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 8, 1963, 381-391.
57. SNYDER, F. "Progress in the New Biology of Dreaming." American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 122, 1965, 377-391.
58. TART, C. "Technical Note: Use of Strain Gauges to Measure Rapid Eye Movements." Paper, Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, New York, 1963.
59. TART, C. "The Influence of the Experimental Situation in Hypnosis and Dream Research: A Case Report." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, Vol. 7, 1964, 163-170.
60. TART, C. "The Concept of Trance." Manuscript in preparation.
61 WHITMAN, R., PIERCE, C., MAAS, J., AND BALDRIDGE, B. "The Dreams of the Experimental Subject." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 134, 1962, 431-39.
62. WILLIAMS, H., TEPAS, D., AND MORLOCK, H. "Evoked Responses to Clicks and Electroencephalographic Stages of Sleep in Man." Science, Vol. 138, 1962, 685-686.
63. WOOD, P. "Dreaming and Social Isolation." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, 1962.
64. YRAM (Pseudonym). Practical Astral Projection. New York, Samuel Weiser, 1965.
65. ZUBEX, J., WELCH, G., AND SAUNDERS, M. "Electroencephalographic Changes during and after 14 Days of Perceptual Deprivation." Science, Vol. 139, 1963, 490-492.
http://www.paradigm-sys.com/cttart/sci-docs/ctt68-apsoo.html
The contents of this document are Copyright © 1968 by the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research.
(完)
(正见网编译组编译)
